In Gaul, Julian proved unexpectedly successful and popular. He recalled Julian from his studies, gave him the title of Caesar (successor-designate), married him to Helena, the Emperor's sister, and sent him to Gaul to protect it from the Germans. By 355, however, Constantius again found the problems of empire too much for a single person. Exonerated, he went to Athens to pursue his philosophical studies.
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Julian remained in retirement, but when Gallus proved to be cruel and incompetent and was executed, Julian was summoned to the court in Milan to free himself of suspicion of treasonable involvement with his half brother.
Julian idealized the ancient Hellenic world and was attracted by Greek literature and philosophy he despised what he considered the falsity and hypocrisy of Christianity.īy 351 Constantius II was Constantine's sole surviving son, and he brought Gallus out of retirement and made him the administrator of the East. The boys were confined to a castle in Cappadocia, where they lived until 351, and were given a monkish education. When Constantine died in 337, nearly all his relatives except his three sons were killed, and Julian and his half brother Constantius Gallus were spared because of their extreme youth. Julian was born at Constantinople, the son of Julius Constantius, half brother of Constantine the Great. They greatly shaped Western culture, law, art, architecture, religion, language, and warfare. The Romans were great innovators in some areas, and they were not shy about appropriating good ideas they found in other cultures. It was founded around the 8th century BC, and portions of it survived until the 14th century AD. The Roman Empire is the most remarkable and long-lived political entity in the history of Western Civilization.
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